Which description best captures the range of Ca(OH)2 liner formulations?

• A. From zinc oxide cement to glass ionomer cement
• B. From water-based neutral pH solutions to acidic varnishes
• C. From saline suspensions with alkaline pH to modified resin-containing polymerizable forms
• D. From gel-based fluorides to calcium phosphate pastes

Answer: (C)

Calcium hydroxide liners come in a spectrum from simple aqueous preparations to advanced, resin-modified versions. The traditional form is a saline or water-based suspension that is strongly alkaline, which supports its therapeutic effects on the pulp and dentin formation. Over time, resin-containing, polymerizable formulations were developed to improve handling, film thickness, sealing, and resistance to solubility, while still delivering the same bioactive, high pH environment. This range—from saline suspensions with an alkaline pH to resin-modified polymerizable forms—best captures the variety of Ca(OH)2 liner formulations. Other descriptions mischaracterize the material type or the vehicle, such as citing zinc oxide/glass ionomer cements, neutral or acidic vehicles, or gel nor fluoride/calcium phosphate pastes, which don’t reflect the typical Ca(OH)2 liner spectrum.